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A. Identify the goal for climate finance:

1. Green finance: practices aligned with climate change mitigation and co-benefits (e.g. water and biodiversity conservation), where the certainty of directional change is likely, but the impact level is not measured. For example, companies or loans using "green lists" of eligible practices; "good enough" methods (lowest requirements)
2. Results-based payments: payments based on defined climate mitigation result supported by an accounting system that fosters confidence in impacts, although medium/high quantification uncertainty applies (intermediary requirements)
3. Carbon-credit markets: quantification of climate mitigation results following rules and procedures determined by protocols and standards under third-party verification (e.g. CDM, Verra and Gold Standard standards), which lowers uncertainties and increases credibility of results (highest requirements)

B. MRV design considerations:

1. What needs to be measured:estimated?  carbon Carbon sinks, avoided carbon loss, GHGs emissions, and mitigation co-benefits, e.g. water and biodiversity conservation, to ensure benefits to farmers
2. How well: Accuracy ? Accuracy and uncertainty
3. Minimizing risk : impermanence shifts that may reduce soil C stocks and non-performance e.g. disadoption, unexpected practice effects 
4. Scalability
5. How to reduce risks of impermanence or non-performance  
6. Scalability needs
7. Frequency of estimations   - reporting requirements,  timing needed Reporting requirements - given the timing to detect changes (e.g. usually > 5 years) and make payments.
8. Verification needs (e.g. first, second and third-party)
9. Minimizing How to minimize costs (e.g. acceptable % of the total project budget spent on MRV, sufficient benefit to farmers) 

C. Plan for improving accuracy and uncertainty over time toward carbon market-grade credits.

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1. Developing "green lists" of eligible practices (e.g. scientific literature review and experts consultation)
2. Using models/remote sensing for accessing soil C sequestration magnitudes and trends: choosing a model, technical requirements, caveats, assumptions and uncertainties  
3. Moving to hybrid approaches: direct measurements with modeling/remote sensing 
   1. Optimal measurement strategy based on project/region characteristics and resources available
      1. activity data collection (e.g. use of smartphone, interviews)
      2. focus on few high-quality measurements (e.g. what to measure and how - sampling design; soil C and soil bulk density; frequency)
      3. prioritization (e.g. sampling design; soil C or bulk density; soil C determination method; use of pedo-transfer functions,...)
   2. Dealing with data gaps (e.g. scientific literature, experts consultation, global databases) 
   3. Choosing a model, model calibration, technical requirements and acceptable uncertainties
   4. Remote sensing: application and requirements 
   5. Co-benefits assessment (e.g. generating water/biodiversity indicators from/in tandem? with soil C measurements)
4. Other MVR aspects
   1. Aggregation aspects across larger scales to reduce project-level variation effects 
   2. Setting up baselines (e.g. Baseline v. base year)
   3. Verification type and frequency (credibility highest with third-party)

E.

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Reducing risk of impermanence or non-performance: 

1. Discounted carbon credits to account for impermanence and accuracy risks. 
2. Buffers in carbon credits allocated
3. Accounting at the landscape scale to spread risk over large areas. 
4. Verification type and frequency (credibility highest with third-party)

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