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  1. What needs to be estimated?  Carbon sinks, avoided carbon loss, GHGs emissions, and mitigation co-benefits, e.g. water and biodiversity conservation, to ensure benefits to farmers
  2. How well? Accuracy and uncertainty
  3. How to reduce risks of impermanence or non-performance  
  4. Scalability needs
  5. Frequency of estimations   - reporting requirements,  timing timing needed to detect changes (e.g. usually > 5 years) and make payments.
  6. Verification needs (e.g. first, second and third-party)
  7. How to minimize costs (e.g. acceptable % of the total project budget spent on MRV, sufficient benefit to farmers) 

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  1. Developing "green lists" of eligible practices (e.g. scientific literature review and experts consultation)
  2. Using models/remote sensing for accessing soil C sequestration magnitudes and trends: choosing a model, technical requirements, caveats, assumptions and uncertainties  
  3. Moving to hybrid approaches: direct measurements with modeling/remote sensing 
    1. Optimal measurement strategy based on project/region characteristics and resources available
      1. activity data collection (e.g. use of smartphone, interviews)
      2. focus on few high-quality measurements (e.g. what to measure and how - sampling design; soil C and soil bulk density; frequency)
      3. prioritization (e.g. sampling design; soil C or bulk density; soil C determination method; use of pedo-transfer functions,...)
    2. Dealing with data gaps (e.g. scientific literature, experts consultation, global databases) 
    3. Choosing a model, model calibration, technical requirements and acceptable uncertainties
    4. Remote sensing: application and requirements 
    5. Co-benefits assessment (e.g. generating water/biodiversity indicators from/in tandem? with soil C measurements)
  4. Other MVR aspects
    1. Aggregation aspects across larger scales to reduce project-level variation effects 
    2. Setting up baselines (e.g. Baseline v. base year)
    3. Verification type and frequency (credibility highest with third-party)

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